Technical Helpline +91-9026 8247 98,   DoR Office : +91-581-4022293,    Working Days 11 AM to 04 PM
Supervisor Profile Print
Logo

Directorate of Research, Nehru Kendra

Mahatama Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly

 
RESEARCH SUPERVISOR PROFILE

 

Dr. HARI KUMAR SINGH

Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
M. J. P. Rohilkhand University Campus
9410860110, harsdik@gmail.com

Research Interests / Specialization : Digital image Processing/ Remote Sensing/AI/Deep Learning Experience :22 Year

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS

Sr. No.Course / DegreeYearInstitution & Details of Subject/Topic/Thesis
1Ph.D2017IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P
In area of Digital Image Processing Topic of research entitled Remote Sensing Satellite Data Analysis Applied to Precision Agriculture Modeling
2M.Tech2002National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
Electronics and Communication Engineering
3B.Tech2000I.E.T. MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly
Electronics and Communication Engineering

CAREER PROFILE

Sr. No.Organization / InstitutionDesignationDuration & Nature of Duties
1F.E.T MJP Rohilkhand University, BareillyAssistant Professor28/08/2008 To Present
Digital Image Processing Artificial Intelligence Remote Sensing IoT, Machine Learning and Deep learning Block Chain Technology

NO. OF RESEARCH SCHOLARS SUCCESSFULLY GUIDED

Sr. No. Name of Programme Awarded Under Supervision
1 Ph. D. 0 03
2 M. Phill. 0 0
3 Dissertation (M.Ed. / M.A.) 06 0

RESEARCH PUBLICATION IDs

Scopus  :  57210139659 Orchid  :  0000-0001-7025-3482
Publons  :  AAZ-5278-2021 Vidwan  :  231586
Google Scholer  : KOcUcD4AAAAJ

AWARDS AND FELLOWSHIPS

Sr. No.Name of Award / FellowshipYearAgency / Department
1Research Excellence Award-20222022Institute of Scholars (InSc) International Publisher, Bengaluru, Karnataka
2Best Scientist Award 2021 in Digital Image Processing2021IMRF Institute of Higher Education and Research, India

Publications / Academic Activities

Sr. No.Publications / Academic Activities TypeCount
1Authored Books & Monographs.5
2Edited Books.6
3Papers Published in UGC Care Listed / Indexed / Peer Reviewed Journals.25
4Chapters / Papers Published in Edited Books.5
5Invited as Resource Lectures Person / Examiner/Expert.2
6Seminars / Conferences / Workshops Organized.5
7Projects.2
8Administrative Positions / Assignments Held.1
9Seminars / Conference Presentations.5
10Memberships of Academic / Professional Bodies.5
11Participation in Community Service / Exchange Programs / Consulting Activity.5
12Patent0


Authored Books & Monographs.

Sr. No.Name of BookDetails
1Differential Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits Year of Publication : 2021,    ISBN No. : 978-939-15228-41
Publisher : Walnut Publication International Publisher
2Smart Agriculture Modelling through Image Processing and Remote Sensing TechnologyYear of Publication : 2021,    ISBN No. : 978-939-15228-58
Publisher : Walnut Publication, International Publisher
3IoT in Multidimensional ApproachYear of Publication : 2021,    ISBN No. : 978-195-61027-89
Publisher : INSC International Publisher International Publisher
4Convolution Neural Network for BeginnersYear of Publication : 2023,    ISBN No. : 978-93-5757-229-3
Publisher : Scientific International Publishing House, India
5Solar Energy Advancements and ApplicationYear of Publication : 2023,    ISBN No. : 978-93-5757-421-1
Publisher : Scientific International Publishing House, India

Edited Books.
Sr. No.Name of BookDetails
1Academic Research in Engineering, Management and Information Technology Year of Publication : 2020
Publisher : Anukrati Prakashan, Bareilly
ISBN No. : 978-81-933433-9-5,    DOI No. : ,    Citations :
2Academic Research in Engineering, Management and Information Technology Year of Publication : 2019
Publisher : Anukrati Prakashan, Bareilly
ISBN No. : 978-81-933433-5-7,    DOI No. : ,    Citations :
3Academic Research in Engineering, Management and Information Technology Year of Publication : 2018
Publisher : Niharikanjali Publication Kanpur
ISBN No. : 978-93-82972-27-3,    DOI No. : ,    Citations :
4Academic Research in Engineering, Management and Information Technology Year of Publication : 2016
Publisher : Niharikanjali Publication Kanpur
ISBN No. : 978-93-82972-19-8,    DOI No. : ,    Citations :
5Advancements in Engineering Materials Year of Publication : 2016
Publisher : Niharikanjali Publication Kanpur
ISBN No. : 978-93-82972-12-9,    DOI No. : ,    Citations :
6Software Applications in Engineering and Technology Year of Publication : 2012
Publisher : Niharikanjali Publication Kanpur
ISBN No. : 978-81-921124-7-3,    DOI No. : ,    Citations :

Papers Published in UGC Care Listed / Indexed / Peer Reviewed Journals.
Sr. No.TitleDetails
1Analysis of Structural, optical and aquaphobic properties of zirconium oxide Neno-films by varying sputtering gasYear of Publication : 2022,   Name of Journal : Journal of Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Author(s) : Kumar Sujit, Dave Vikramaditya, K. Vetri Velmurugan, Yakkala Bhaskarrao, Rupali Singh, Bhasker Pant, Amit Kumar Sharma, Hari Kumar Singh, and Lijalem Mulugeta
ISSN No. : 16878442,   Volume : 2022,   Page No. : 10,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.726
2Field Localization and Density Cavitation in Low-Beta PlasmasYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : Laser and Particle Beams
Author(s) : Motilal Rinawa, Prashant Chauhan, Sintu Kumar, Manoj Kumar Singh, Hari Kumar Singh, Amit Sharma and R. P. Sharma
ISSN No. : 02630346,   Volume : 2021,   Page No. : 9,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.160
3Numerical Investigation of Modified Fin Shapes for the Improved Heat TransferYear of Publication : 2022,   Name of Journal : Journal of Materials Today: Proceedings
Author(s) : 3. Moti Lal Rinawa, Prashant Chauhan, Rajneesh Sharma, Amarjeet Poonia, Hari Kumar Singh, Amit Kumar Sharma and Ram Subbiah
ISSN No. : 1369-7021,   Volume : 2022,   Page No. : 6,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.24
4Characterization of ZnO/nanofluid for Improving Heat Transfer in Thermal SystemsYear of Publication : 2022,   Name of Journal : Journal of Materials Today: Proceedings, ISSN: , 2022, Impact Factor 1.24,
Author(s) : 4. Rajneesh Sharma, Prashant Chauhan, Amit Kumar Sharma, Atul Katiyar, Hari Kumar Singh, Moti Lal Rinawa, and P. Manoj Kumar
ISSN No. : 1369-7021,   Volume : 2022,   Page No. : 5,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.24
5Comparative Study of Enhancement Techniques on Different Types of ImagesYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : Efflatonia multidisciplinary Journal
Author(s) : Hari Kumar Singh and Pooja Singh
ISSN No. : 1110 8703,   Volume : 5,   Page No. : 2390-2402,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 3.8
6Smart Farming Technologies in Agriculture in IndiaYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : International Journal of Modern Agriculture
Author(s) : Hari Kumar Singh and Manoj Kumar Singh
ISSN No. : 2305-7246,   Volume : 10,   Page No. : 4795 – 4803,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.12
7Study and Design Noise Cancellation System using Anti-Noise TechniqueYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : Vidyabharti International Interdisciplinary Research Journal
Author(s) : Hari Kumar Singh, Pooja Singh and Sanjeev Sharma
ISSN No. : 2319-4979,   Volume : 2021,   Page No. : 692-697,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.469
8Compact CP Monopole Antenna with asymmetrical Modified Ground Plane for Wideband CharacteristicsYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : Design Engineering
Author(s) : Yatendra Kumar, Hari Kumar Singh and Atul Katiyar
ISSN No. : 0011-9342,   Volume : 2021,   Page No. : 14133-14144,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.41
9Next Generation Antenna: Large scale antenna for Mobile CommunicationYear of Publication : 2020,   Name of Journal : Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education
Author(s) : Inderpreet Kaur, Hari Kumar Singh, Pooja Singh and Sanjeev Sharma
ISSN No. : 1309-4653,   Volume : 11,   Page No. : 816-828,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.33
10Artificial Neural Network based Advanced Algorithm for new Generation Solar PV SystemsYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : Journal of Nuclear Energy and Power Generation Technology
Author(s) : Yogini Dilip Borole, Subash Ranjan Kabat, Arvind Sharma, Hari Kumar Singh, Ashwini Sharma and Nemi Chand Singh
ISSN No. : 23259809,   Volume : 10,   Page No. : 1-5,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.54
11A smart Grid Energy Management Optimization TechniqueYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : Journal of Nuclear Energy and Power Generation Technology
Author(s) : Anurag Srivastava, Hari Kumar Singh, Praful Vijay Nandankar, Ankit, Prateek Nigam and Moti lal Rinawa
ISSN No. : 23259809,   Volume : 10,   Page No. : 1-5,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.54
12Remote Sensing Satellite Data Analysis applied to precision Agriculture ModelingYear of Publication : 2020,   Name of Journal : TEST Engineering and Management
Author(s) : Hari Kumar Singh, Sanjeev Sharma, Pooja Singh and Shiv Kumar Tomar
ISSN No. : 0193-4120,   Volume : 82,   Page No. : 15727- 15742,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.41
13Application of Remote Sensing and Image Processing for Efficient Urban Planning in IndiaYear of Publication : 2020,   Name of Journal : TEST Engineering and Management January-February Volume-82, ISSN: Page No.
Author(s) : Sanjeev Sharma, Hari Kumar Singh and Shiv Kumar Tomar
ISSN No. : 0193-4120,   Volume : 82,   Page No. : 15320 - 15329,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.41
14Identification and Prioritization of Properties for Composite Materials Usage in Automobiles: An Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) ApproachYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : Design Engineering
Author(s) : Manoj Kumar Singh, Mohammed Nadeem Khalid, Vivek Schaan, O. P. Upadhyay, Hari Kumar Singh, Motilal Rinawa and M. S. Karuna
ISSN No. : 0011-9342 ,   Volume : 2021,   Page No. : 12751 -12764,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.41
15Model Predictive Control Design for SISO LTI system subjected to bounded constraintsYear of Publication : 2018,   Name of Journal : Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education
Author(s) : Atul Katiyar, Ajay Yadav and Hari Kumar Singh
ISSN No. : 1309-4653,   Volume : 9,   Page No. : 170-180,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.33
16Analysis of Remote Sensed Data Using Neuro- Fuzzy Algorithm: A Case Study of Hyderabad RegionYear of Publication : 2018,   Name of Journal : Published in Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics education
Author(s) : Hari Kumar Singh, Ajay Yadav and Atul Katiya
ISSN No. : 1309-4653,   Volume : 9,   Page No. : 181-190,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.33
17Thresholding Techniques applied for Segmentation of RGB and multispectral imagesYear of Publication : 2012,   Name of Journal : International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA)
Author(s) : Hari Kumar Singh Shiv Kumar Tomar and Prashant Kumar Maurya
ISSN No. : 0975 - 8887,   Volume : 10,   Page No. : 24-27,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.82
18Morphological Segmentation and Gradient of Multispectral Image of Bareilly RegionYear of Publication : 2012,   Name of Journal : International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA)
Author(s) : Hari Kumar Singh, Pooja Singh and Khushboo Singh
ISSN No. : 0975 - 8887,   Volume : 3,   Page No. : 7-10,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.82
19Discrete Cosine transform And Discrete Fourier Transform of RGB imageYear of Publication : 2012,   Name of Journal : International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA)
Author(s) : Hari Kumar Singh, Prashant Kumar, Khushboo and Pooja Singh
ISSN No. : 0975 - 8887,   Volume : 2,   Page No. : 1-4,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.82
20Analysis of Remote Sensed Data using Hybrid Intelligence System: A Case Study of Bhopal RegionYear of Publication : 2012,   Name of Journal : International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA)
Author(s) : Hari Kumar Singh, Prashant Kumar, Khushboo Singh and Pooja Singh
ISSN No. : 0975 - 8887,   Volume : 2,   Page No. : 26-31,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.82
21Improving the yield of a solar still with the aid of an evacuated tube Year of Publication : 2022,   Name of Journal : Journal of Physics: Conference Series
Author(s) : CH. Mohammad Akram, G.Saritha, Arvind Sharma, Hari Kumar Singh, Moti Lal Rinawa, S.Ashwin Kannan
ISSN No. : 1742-6596,   Volume : 2022,   Page No. : 1-6,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.48
22Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues, Algorithms and ApplicationsYear of Publication : 2022,   Name of Journal : Design Engineering
Author(s) : P. K. Bharti, Manoj Kumar Singh, Savrabh Kawar, Hari Kumar Singh
ISSN No. : 0011-9342,   Volume : 1,   Page No. : 2259-2267 ,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.41
23Transparent Solar Cells: A Powerful and Affordable Source of EnergyYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Author(s) : Atul Sarojwal, Atul Katiyar, Hari Kumar Singh
ISSN No. : 0974-5823,   Volume : 6,   Page No. : 1-6,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.6
24Radio Frequency Based Automatic Efficient Cooler, AC And Blower Control SystemYear of Publication : 2021,   Name of Journal : Webology Journal
Author(s) : Atul Sarojwal, Atul Katiyar, Hari Kumar Singh
ISSN No. : 1735-188X,   Volume : 18,   Page No. : 7604 -7611,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 1.65
25Prospect and Consequences of Machine Learning to Wireless Sensor Networks A Systematic ReviewYear of Publication : 2022,   Name of Journal : Journal NeuroQuantology
Author(s) : Ravindra Pratap Singh, Amit Jain and Hari Kumar Singh
ISSN No. : 1303-5150,   Volume : 20,   Page No. : 5085-5094,   Website Link
Citations : ,    Impact Factor : 0.29

Chapters / Papers Published in Edited Books.
Sr. No.Title of Book & ChapterDetails
1Book : Wearable and Neuronic Antennas for Medical and Wireless Applications
Chapter : Wireless Body Area Network Antenna		Publication Type : International,    Year : 2022
Publisher : Wiley Global Headquarters 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
ISBN No. : 978-1-119-79180-5,    DOI No. : www.wiley.com.,    Citations :
2Book : MIMO Antenna for IoT and ISM Band Applications
Chapter : Advances of 5G Wireless Communication System in Healthcare Informatics		Publication Type : International,    Year : 2023
Publisher : CRC Press, Taylor and Francis USA
ISBN No. : 9781032312194,    DOI No. : ,    Citations : 2022
3Book : Integrated Circuits Fabrication Techniques For C-MOS, N-MOS and BJT
Chapter : Futuristic Trends in Network and Communication Technologies 		Publication Type : International,    Year : 2022
Publisher : IIP Proceedings, Volume 2, Book 19, 2022, PP 249-268, India and Unit of Selfypage, Novi, Michigan USA
ISBN No. : 978-81-959356-1-1 ,    DOI No. : ,    Citations :
4Book : Futuristic Trends in Network and Communication Technologies
Chapter : Analysis of Atmospheric Parameters Using Remote Sensing and ArcGIS		Publication Type : International,    Year : 2022
Publisher : IIP Proceedings, India and Unit of Selfypage, Novi, Michigan USA
ISBN No. : 978-81-959356-1-1 ,    DOI No. : ,    Citations :
5Book : Futuristic Trends in Network and Communication Technologies
Chapter : Compact 8-Port MIMO Antenna for C-Band and 5G Applications		Publication Type : International,    Year : 2022
Publisher : IIP Proceedings, India and Unit of Selfypage, Novi, Michigan USA
ISBN No. : 978-81-959356-1-1 ,    DOI No. : ,    Citations :

Invited as Resource Lectures Person / Examiner/Expert.
Sr. No.Type of EventDetails
1National conference on Recent Advance in Science and Technology (NCRAST-2015), Resource Person : Dr. Hari Kumar Singh,    Date : 08-22-2015
Title of Lecture : Analysis of Remote Sensed Data using Different Image Processing Algorithms applied to Agriculture Yield Optimization Model: A Case Study of Bareilly Region
Institutions : Seemant Institute of Technology, Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand
2National conference on Recent Advance in Science and Technology (NCRAST-2017), Resource Person : Dr. Hari Kumar Singh,    Date : 11-11-2017
Title of Lecture : Problems and Remedies related to Job Oriented Issues in Engineering and Technology
Institutions : Seemant Institute of Technology, Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand

Seminars / Conferences / Workshops Organized.
Sr. No.TitleDetails
1International Conference on Academic Research in Engineering, Management and Information Technology (ICAREMIT-2020) Date : 02-01-2020,    Category : International
Institutions : FET MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U.P.
2Workshop on Project Based Learning using MATLAB and SIMULINK Date : 02-15-2019,    Category : National
Institutions : ECE Department, FET MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U.P. India
3International Conference on Academic Research in Engineering, Management and Information Technology (ICAREMIT-2018) Date : 02-17-2018,    Category : International
Institutions : FET MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U.P.
4Faculty Development Program on Environmental Impact Assessment Date : 03-26-2015,    Category : National
Institutions : Department of Chemical Engineering, FET MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U.P. India
5IEEE sponsored International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Automation (FALL) Date : 09-30-2016,    Category : International
Institutions : FET MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U.P. India

Projects.
Sr. No.Name of ProjectDetails
1Collaborative Research Project with Mentor InstituteYear : 2018,    Period : 09-08-2018 to 09-10-2020
Funding Agency : TEQIP/418/40/183.2020
Amount : ₹ 400000
2Monitoring of Sustainable Agriculture of Small Farms Wielding Image Processing Integrating with Sensor Antenna and Machine Learning for Improving Socio Economic Status of FarmersYear : 2023,    Period : 05-08-2023 to 05-07-2026
Funding Agency : Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi
Amount : ₹ 3000000

Administrative Positions / Assignments Held.
Sr. No.Post / AssignmentDetails
1Deputy Co-Ordinator Duration : 07-20-2016 to 01-25-2022
Organization : sponsored by UGC for MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly

Seminars / Conference Presentations.
Sr. No.Title / TopicDetails
1Comparative Study of Image Compression using Discrete Cosine Transform, Singular Value Decomposition and Discrete Wavelet Transform Techniques Date : 02-01-2020,    Category : International
Institutions : MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, UP
2Remote Sensing Satellite Data Analysis applied to precision Agriculture Modeling Date : 05-21-2020,    Category : International
Institutions : UNSIET Deokali U.P. 2020
3WSN-IoT Clustering for secure Data Transmission in E-Health Sector using Green Computing Strategy Date : 09-22-2021,    Category : International
Institutions : Potensi Utama University, Indonesia
4Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm for Analysis of Euclidean Space of ClustersDate : 12-09-2016,    Category : International
Institutions : MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly
5Analysis of Remote Sensed Data Using Neuro- Fuzzy Algorithm: A Case Study of Bareilly RegionDate : 03-30-2012,    Category : International
Institutions : Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, UP, India

Memberships of Academic / Professional Bodies.
Sr. No.Name of Academic/Professional BodiesMember Type
1Senior Member Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors (IRED) Headquarters- 42 Broadway, Suite 12-217, New York, NY 10004, USALife
2Member of International Association of Engineers (IAENG) is registered at National Taiwan University, Taiwan Life
3Member of International Society for Development and Sustainability (ISDS) is registered with Japanese Government as a private organization, JAPANLife
4Member of International Multidisciplinary Research Foundation (IMRF) Head Quarter Vijaywada, Andhra Pradesh, India (ID No. 21176)Annual
5Associate Member of Metrology Society of India (LAM-142) New Delhi, INDIALife

Participation in Community Service / Exchange Programs / Consulting Activity.
Sr. No.Activity TypeDetails
1Participated in UGC Sponsored 34th Orientation Programme from June 05, 2018 to July 02, 2018 at HRD Centre, University of North Bengal, West Bengal, IndiaDate : 06-05-2018
Details : Participated in UGC Sponsored 34th Orientation Programme from June 05, 2018 to July 02, 2018 at HRD Centre, University of North Bengal, West Bengal, India
2One Week Workshop on Photonics Sensor for Chemical and Gas Detection IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand from 18/10/2021 to 23/10/2021Date : 10-18-2021
Details : One Week Workshop on Photonics Sensor for Chemical and Gas Detection IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand from 18/10/2021 to 23/10/2021
3Participated in TEQIP-III Sponsored Online Two -Week International FDP on Multidisciplinary Research Innovation in Engineering, Science and Technology for Sustainable Development, from October 26- November 7, 2020, Organised by BTKIET Dwarahat Almora U.K, IndiaDate : 10-26-2020
Details : Participated in TEQIP-III Sponsored Online Two -Week International FDP on Multidisciplinary Research Innovation in Engineering, Science and Technology for Sustainable Development, from October 26- November 7, 2020, Organised by BTKIET Dwarahat Almora U.K, India
4Participated in TEQIP-III Sponsored Online FDP on Advanced Research Trends in Artificial Intelligence, Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, from September 25-30, 2020, Organised by BTKIET Dwarahat Almora U.K, IndiaDate : 09-25-2020
Details : Participated in TEQIP-III Sponsored Online FDP on Advanced Research Trends in Artificial Intelligence, Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, from September 25-30, 2020, Organised by BTKIET Dwarahat Almora U.K, India
5Participated in Online FDP on Python Programming, from 29June to 03July, 2020, Organised by R D Engineering College, Ghaziabad U.P, IndiaDate : 06-29-2020
Details : Participated in Online FDP on Python Programming, from 29June to 03July, 2020, Organised by R D Engineering College, Ghaziabad U.P, India

Supervisor Profile Printed from Research Management System, DoR, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University-Bareilly




© 2021-2030 Directorate of Research, M.J.P. Rohlkhand University - Bareilly.
Best Viewed and Working with Google Chrome or Microsoft Edge browser.